Research- Child Protection

KP Child Labour Survey 2022

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Child Labour Survey (KPCLS) 2022 is the first child labour survey to provide district level results in the province. Earlier in 1996 a National CLS was carried out at provincial/territory level in Pakistan. The 2022 KPCLS provides unique information about the living conditions of children in the province as well as their daily activities including schooling, working,…

SPARC State of Pakistan’s Children Report

“State of Children Report” is an annual publication produced by the Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (SPARC), a non-governmental organization based in Pakistan. The report provides information on the situation of children in the country, covering various aspects such as health, education, violence against children,…

Sindh Child Labour Survey 2023 – 2024

The Sindh Child Labour Survey 2022–23, based on data from nearly 57,000 households across 29 districts, provides a detailed view of children’s living conditions, schooling, and work. It finds that only two-thirds of children aged 5–17 attend school, with significant gender and rural–urban gaps. Around 12% of children are engaged…
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Children From Minority Religions in Pakistan: Situational Analysis 2024

Religious minorities in Pakistan face structural discrimination and social exclusion that adversely affect their access to basic rights and services, including education, health, protection, and participation. Within these marginalized communities, children experience multiple layers of vulnerability due to poverty, social stigma, and institutional neglect. The situational analysis identifies that minority…
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NCRC Annual Report 2024 – 2025

The National Commission on the Rights of Child (NCRC) advanced major child protection reforms in 2024–2025, including the drafting of the Prohibition of Child Labour in Domestic Work Bill 2024 and advocacy for harmonizing the minimum marriage age at 18 years across all provinces. The Commission launched the State of…
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Unveiling Exploitation and Abuse in the Brick Kilns of Punjab

The brick kiln industry in Pakistan continues to violate human rights, deeply affecting vulnerable groups such as women and children through bonded labour and exploitation. Despite legal measures and international commitments, these abuses persist, especially in Punjab, which has more than half of Pakistan’s brick kilns and around 186,000 workers.…
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Drivers of Forced Conversion through Marriage in Pakistan

The report examines Forced Conversion through Marriage (FCM) in Pakistan, revealing how minor girls and women from Religious Minority Communities face coercion rooted in patriarchy, discrimination, and weak legal enforcement. It highlights the blurred lines between force and consent, showing how psychological, social, and economic pressures drive manipulation. The findings…
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Global Boys’ Initiative: Pakistan Case Study

Pakistan is home to over 53 million boys under 18, forming a significant part of its 106 million child population. Yet, challenges remain acute: nearly 27% of boys aged 5–16 are out of school, and an estimated 3.4 million children are engaged in child labour, with boys forming the majority.…
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Balochistan Child Labour Survey 2023-2024 Report

The Balochistan Child Labour Survey (BCLS) 2023 provides unique information about the living conditions of children in the province as well as their daily activities, including schooling, working, and household chores. The survey employed a two-stage stratified sampling strategy to ensure district-level representativeness across urban and rural areas. In the…
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Policy Paper: Islamabad Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2025

The policy paper analyzes the newly enacted Islamabad Capital Territory Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2025, which sets 18 years as the minimum legal age of marriage for all genders. It highlights the Act’s progressive legal reforms, such as stricter penalties, protection measures, and alignment with international human rights standards. However,…
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