The brick kiln industry in Pakistan continues to violate human rights, deeply affecting vulnerable groups such as women and children through bonded labour and exploitation. Despite legal measures and international commitments, these abuses persist, especially in Punjab, which has more than half of Pakistan’s brick kilns and around 186,000 workers.
This report builds on a previous study by the National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) and examines the patterns of abuse within Punjab’s brick kiln sector. Workers face unfair wages, unsafe working and living conditions, lack of contracts or social protection, and constant verbal and physical abuse. These conditions trap families in cycles of debt. Women face greater risks, including sexual harassment and forced marriages linked to debt bondage.
Such exploitation severely harms both physical and mental health. The absence of safety gear, poor sanitation, and exposure to dust lead to chronic respiratory and reproductive illnesses. Continuous threats and mistreatment cause psychological distress and trauma.
The study used surveys of 200 workers, interviews with 25 survivors, and consultations with officials, labour unions, and the Brick Kiln Owners Association of Pakistan. Findings reveal weak implementation of laws and poor performance of District Vigilance Committees, highlighting the urgent need for reform.
Key Recommendations
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Ratify International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions.
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Update health and safety laws to enforce minimum workplace standards.
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Appoint female labour inspectors for gender-sensitive monitoring.
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Add anti-harassment protections in bonded labour laws.
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Create a digital complaint management system.
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Strengthen District Vigilance Committees and improve social protection.
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Establish a rehabilitation fund for freed bonded labourers.
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Encourage sustainable brick kiln practices.
Here’s the link to the full report: Unveiling Exploitation and Abuse in the Brick Kilns of Punjab.
